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UniProt Knowledgebase:
Swiss-Prot Protein Knowledgebase
TrEMBL Protein Database
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB); Geneva, Switzerland
European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI); Hinxton, United Kingdom
Protein Information Resource (PIR); Washington DC, USA
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Description: Controlled vocabulary of keywords
Name: keywlist.txt
Release: 55.6 of 01-Jul-2008
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This document lists the keywords and categories used in the UniProt
knowledgebase (Swiss-Prot and TrEMBL). The keywords are classified into the
following 10 categories:
* Biological process
* Cellular component
* Coding sequence diversity
* Developmental stage
* Disease
* Domain
* Ligand
* Molecular function
* PTM
* Technical term
The definition of the keywords and categories usage as well as other
information is provided in the following format:
--------- --------------------------- ----------------------
Line code Content Occurrence in an entry
--------- --------------------------- ----------------------
ID Identifier (keyword) Once; starts a keyword entry
IC Identifier (category) Once; starts a category entry
AC Accession (KW-xxxx) Once
DE Definition Once or more
SY Synonyms Optional; once or more
GO Gene ontology (GO) mapping Optional; once or more
HI Hierarchy Optional; once or more
WW Relevant WWW site Optional; once or more
CA Category Once per keyword entry; absent
in category entries
// Terminator Once; ends an entry
__________________________________________________________________________
ID 2Fe-2S.
AC KW-0001
DE Protein which contains at least one 2Fe-2S iron-sulfur cluster: 2 iron
DE atoms complexed to 2 inorganic sulfides and 4 sulfur atoms of
DE cysteines from the protein.
SY Fe2S2; [2Fe-2S] cluster; [Fe2S2] cluster; Fe2/S2 (inorganic) cluster;
SY Di-mu-sulfido-diiron; 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding.
GO GO:0051537; 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding
HI Ligand: Iron; Iron-sulfur; 2Fe-2S.
HI Ligand: Metal-binding; 2Fe-2S.
CA Ligand.
//
ID 3D-structure.
AC KW-0002
DE Protein, or part of a protein, whose three-dimensional structure has
DE been resolved experimentally (for example by X-ray crystallography or
DE NMR spectroscopy) and whose coordinates are available in the PDB
DE database. Can also be used for theoretical models.
HI Technical term: 3D-structure.
CA Technical term.
//
ID 3Fe-4S.
AC KW-0003
DE Protein which contains at least one 3Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster: 3 iron
DE atoms complexed to 4 inorganic sulfides and 3 sulfur atoms of
DE cysteines from the protein. In a number of iron-sulfur proteins, the
DE 4Fe-4S cluster can be reversibly converted by oxidation and loss of
DE one iron ion to a 3Fe-4S cluster.
GO GO:0051538; 3 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding
HI Ligand: Iron; Iron-sulfur; 3Fe-4S.
HI Ligand: Metal-binding; 3Fe-4S.
CA Ligand.
//
ID 4Fe-4S.
AC KW-0004
DE Protein which contains at least one 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster: 4 iron
DE atoms complexed to 4 inorganic sulfides and 4 sulfur atoms of
DE cysteines from the protein. In a number of iron-sulfur proteins, the
DE 4Fe-4S cluster can be reversibly converted by oxidation and loss of
DE one iron ion to a 3Fe-4S cluster.
GO GO:0051539; 4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding
HI Ligand: Iron; Iron-sulfur; 4Fe-4S.
HI Ligand: Metal-binding; 4Fe-4S.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Abscisic acid biosynthesis.
AC KW-0937
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) (5-(1-
DE hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-
DE dienoic acid). ABA is a plant hormone which play a role in many
DE aspects of plant growth, development and cellular signaling (e.g. seed
DE dormancy, seed maturation, vegetative growth and responses to various
DE environmental stimuli such as stomatal closure during drought). This
DE phytohormone can be synthesized from farnesyl diphosphate (direct C15
DE pathway) or from 9-cis-violaxanthine (indirect C40 pathway).
SY ABA anabolism; ABA biosynthesis; ABA formation; ABA synthesis;
SY Abscisic acid anabolism; Abscisic acid biosynthetic process;
SY Abscisic acid formation; Abscisic acid synthesis.
GO GO:0009688; abscisic acid biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Abscisic acid biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Abscisic acid signaling pathway.
AC KW-0938
DE Protein involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) (5-(1-hydroxy-
DE 2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic
DE acid) signaling pathway (e.g. transport and signal transduction) that
DE regulates many aspects of plant growth, development and cellular
DE signaling (e.g. seed dormancy, seed maturation, vegetative growth and
DE responses to various environmental stimuli such as stomatal closure
DE during drought). This phytohormone can be synthesized from farnesyl
DE diphosphate (direct C15 pathway) or from 9-cis-violaxanthine (indirect
DE C40 pathway).
SY ABA mediated signaling; ABA signaling pathway;
SY Abscisic acid mediated signaling.
GO GO:0009738; abscisic acid mediated signaling
HI Biological process: Abscisic acid signaling pathway.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Acetoin biosynthesis.
AC KW-0005
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone).
DE Acetoin is a component of the butanediol cycle (butanediol
DE fermentation) in microorganisms.
SY 3-hydroxy-2-butanone anabolism; 3-hydroxy-2-butanone biosynthesis;
SY 3-hydroxy-2-butanone biosynthetic process;
SY 3-hydroxy-2-butanone formation; 3-hydroxy-2-butanone synthesis;
SY Acetoin anabolism; Acetoin biosynthetic process; Acetoin formation;
SY Acetoin synthesis.
GO GO:0045151; acetoin biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Acetoin biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Acetoin catabolism.
AC KW-0006
DE Protein involved in the degradation of acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone).
DE Acetoin is a component of the butanediol cycle (butanediol
DE fermentation) in microorganisms.
SY 3-hydroxy-2-butanone breakdown;
SY 3-hydroxy-2-butanone catabolic process;
SY 3-hydroxy-2-butanone catabolism; 3-hydroxy-2-butanone degradation;
SY Acetoin breakdown; Acetoin catabolic process; Acetoin degradation.
GO GO:0045150; acetoin catabolic process
HI Biological process: Acetoin catabolism.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Acetylation.
AC KW-0007
DE Protein which is posttranslationally modified by the attachment of at
DE least one acetyl group; generally at the N-terminus.
SY Acetylated; N-acetylated.
HI PTM: Acetylation.
CA PTM.
//
ID Acetylcholine receptor inhibitor.
AC KW-0008
DE Protein that inhibits both nicotinic (nAChR) and muscarinic (mAChR)
DE acetylcholine receptors. The nAChR is a postsynaptic membrane protein
DE that, after binding acetylcholine, responds by an extensive change in
DE conformation, which leads to opening of an ion-conducting channel
DE across the plasma membrane. The mAChR is a membrane protein that
DE acts through G proteins and mediates various cellular responses,
DE including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of
DE phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the
DE action of G proteins.
SY AChR inhibitor.
GO GO:0030550; acetylcholine receptor inhibitor activity
HI Molecular function: Toxin; Neurotoxin; Postsynaptic neurotoxin; Acetylcholine receptor inhibitor.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Actin-binding.
AC KW-0009
DE Protein which binds to actin, and thereby can modulate the properties
DE and/or functions of the actin filament.
SY Actin filament binding.
GO GO:0003779; actin binding
HI Ligand: Actin-binding.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Actin capping.
AC KW-0117
DE Protein that binds to the free end of the actin filament and thereby
DE blocks further addition of subunits.
SY Actin filament capping; F-actin capping.
GO GO:0051016; barbed-end actin filament capping
HI Molecular function: Actin capping.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Activator.
AC KW-0010
DE Protein that positively regulates either the transcription of one or
DE more genes, or the translation of mRNA.
SY Positive activator.
HI Molecular function: Activator.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Acute phase.
AC KW-0011
DE Protein involved in acute phase, a response of the vertebrate body to
DE insults, infections, immunological reactions or inflammatory
DE processes; characterised by redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling
DE (tumor), pain (dolor) and sometimes loss of function.
SY Acute-phase reaction; Acute-phase response.
GO GO:0006953; acute-phase response
HI Biological process: Acute phase.
WW http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?228
CA Biological process.
//
ID Acyltransferase.
AC KW-0012
DE Enzyme catalyzing the transfer of acyl- (RCO-) groups.
GO GO:0008415; acyltransferase activity
HI Molecular function: Transferase; Acyltransferase.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID ADP-ribosylation.
AC KW-0013
DE Protein which is posttranslationally modified by the attachment of
DE at least one ADP-ribosyl group.
SY Adenosinediphospho-ribosylation; ADP-rybosylated.
HI PTM: ADP-ribosylation.
CA PTM.
//
ID Age-related macular degeneration.
AC KW-0913
DE Protein which, if defective, causes age-related macular degeneration
DE (ARMD), the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in the
DE developed world. In most patients, the disease is manifest as
DE ophthalmoscopically visible yellowish accumulations of protein and
DE lipid (known as drusen) that lie beneath the retinal pigment
DE epithelium and within an elastin-containing structure known as Bruch's
DE membrane. ARMD is likely to be a mechanistically heterogeneous group
DE of disorders, and the specific disease mechanisms that underlie the
DE vast majority of cases are currently unknown. However, a number of
DE studies have suggested that both genetic and environmental factors are
DE likely to play a role.
SY ARMD.
HI Disease: Age-related macular degeneration.
CA Disease.
//
ID Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome.
AC KW-0948
DE Protein which, if defective, causes Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, an
DE autosomal recessive genetic disorder that is phenotypically similar to
DE in utero viral infection. The disease is characterized by severe
DE neurological dysfunction in infancy, leading to progressive
DE microcephaly, spasticity, dystonic posturing, profound psychomotor
DE retardation and often death in early childhood.
SY AGS; Cree encephalitis; Pseudo-torch syndrome;
SY Pseudotoxoplasmosis syndrome.
HI Disease: Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome.
CA Disease.
//
ID AIDS.
AC KW-0014
DE Protein encoded by the human immunodeficiency viruses HIV-1 or HIV-
DE 2, which are the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
DE This disease is characterized by a severe defect of cell-mediated
DE immunity which is often accompanied by cancers such as Kaposi's
DE sarcoma, as well as secondary infections such as tuberculosis.
SY Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
HI Disease: AIDS.
CA Disease.
//
ID Albinism.
AC KW-0015
DE Protein which, if defective, causes albinism, a genetically determined
DE or environmentally induced absence of pigmentation in animals normally
DE pigmented. This can lead for example to lack of pigmentation in hair,
DE skin and eyes.
HI Disease: Albinism.
CA Disease.
//
ID Alginate biosynthesis.
AC KW-0016
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of alginate. Alginate is an
DE exopolysaccharide in the cell walls of brown algae and in the capsular
DE material of certain strains of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter, in which
DE it provides a protective barrier against host immune defenses and
DE antibiotics.
SY Alginate anabolism; Alginate formation; Alginate synthesis;
SY Alginic acid anabolism; Alginic acid biosynthesis;
SY Alginic acid formation; Alginic acid synthesis.
GO GO:0042121; alginic acid biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Alginate biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Alkaloid metabolism.
AC KW-0017
DE Protein involved in a biochemical reaction with alkaloids, a group of
DE nitrogenous organic molecules (mostly heterocyclic) usually found in
DE plants. Various alkaloids have toxic or medical properties, such as
DE caffeine, morphine and nicotine.
SY Alkaloid metabolic process.
GO GO:0009820; alkaloid metabolic process
HI Biological process: Alkaloid metabolism.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Alkylphosphonate uptake.
AC KW-0019
DE Protein involved in alkylphosphonate uptake. Certain bacteria such as
DE Escherichia coli can use alkylphosphonates as a phosphorus source.
GO GO:0015716; phosphonate transport
HI Biological process: Alkylphosphonate uptake.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Allergen.
AC KW-0020
DE Protein that stimulates the production of, and reacts with, antibodies
DE (IgE) thus creating an allergic reaction (immediate-type
DE hypersensitivity). Examples are pollen allergens from plants, venom
DE allergens from insects, dust-mite allergens, and animal hair allergens.
HI Disease: Allergen.
CA Disease.
//
ID Allosteric enzyme.
AC KW-0021
DE Enzyme whose activity is modified by the noncovalent binding of an
DE allosteric effector at a site other than the active site. This binding
DE mediates conformational changes, altering its catalytic or binding
DE properties.
GO GO:0003824; catalytic activity
HI Technical term: Allosteric enzyme.
CA Technical term.
//
ID Alpha-amylase inhibitor.
AC KW-0022
DE Protein that inhibits alpha-amylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the
DE endohydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages in oligosaccharides
DE and polysaccharides.
GO GO:0015066; alpha-amylase inhibitor activity
HI Molecular function: Alpha-amylase inhibitor.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Alport syndrome.
AC KW-0023
DE Protein which, if defective, causes Alport syndrome, an hereditary
DE disorder characterized by a progressive glomerulonephritis leading to
DE end-stage renal disease, often associated with sensorineural hearing
DE loss and ocular abnormalities.
HI Disease: Alport syndrome.
CA Disease.
//
ID Alternative initiation.
AC KW-0024
DE Protein for which at least two isoforms exist due to the usage of
DE alternative initiation codons in the same mRNA (the resulting isoforms
DE differ in their N-terminus).
HI Coding sequence diversity: Alternative initiation.
CA Coding sequence diversity.
//
ID Alternative promoter usage.
AC KW-0877
DE Protein for which at least two isoforms exist due to the alternative
DE usage of promoters.
HI Coding sequence diversity: Alternative promoter usage.
CA Coding sequence diversity.
//
ID Alternative splicing.
AC KW-0025
DE Protein for which at least two isoforms exist due to distinct pre-mRNA
DE splicing events.
HI Coding sequence diversity: Alternative splicing.
CA Coding sequence diversity.
//
ID Alzheimer disease.
AC KW-0026
DE Protein which, if defective, causes Alzheimer's disease. This
DE neurological disorder is often observed in elderly people and involves
DE atrophy of neurones in the cerebral cortex leading to progressive
DE dementia.
SY Alzheimer's disease.
HI Disease: Alzheimer disease.
CA Disease.
//
ID Amelogenesis imperfecta.
AC KW-0986
DE Protein which, if defective, causes amelogenesis imperfecta, a
DE clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders affecting
DE the dental enamel. The enamel may be hypoplastic, hypomineralized or
DE both, and affected teeth may be discoloured, sensitive or prone to
DE disintegration either pre-eruption or post-eruption. In the
DE hypoplastic type of amelogenesis imperfecta, the enamel is of normal
DE hardness but does not develop to normal thickness. In the
DE hypomineralized type, the enamel is of normal thickness but opaque or
DE yellowish white without lustre on newly erupted teeth; it is so soft
DE that it is lost soon after eruption. Amelogenesis imperfecta
DE occasionally occurs in conjunction with other dental, oral and extra-
DE oral features.
HI Disease: Amelogenesis imperfecta.
CA Disease.
//
ID Amidation.
AC KW-0027
DE Peptide which is posttranslationally modified by C-terminal amidation.
DE The amino acid to be modified is almost always followed by a glycine,
DE which provides the amide group. In a first reaction step the glycine is
DE oxidized to form alpha-hydroxy-glycine. The oxidized glycine cleaves
DE into the C-terminally amidated peptide and an N-glyoxylated peptide.
DE C-terminal amidation is essential to the biological activity of many
DE neuropeptides and hormones. In a few cases alpha-oxidative cleavage of
DE an amino acid other than glycine has been observed. All such cases are
DE additionally annotated with the word "atypical" in the feature description.
SY Amidated.
HI PTM: Amidation.
CA PTM.
//
ID Amino-acid biosynthesis.
AC KW-0028
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of naturally-occuring amino acids.
DE In addition to their use for protein biosynthesis, they are the
DE precursors of many molecules such as purines, pyrimidines, histamines,
DE adrenaline and melanin.
SY Amino-acid synthesis; Amino-acid anabolism; Amino-acid formation.
GO GO:0008652; amino acid biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Amino-acid biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Amino-acid transport.
AC KW-0029
DE Protein involved in the transport of amino acids.
SY Amino acid transport.
GO GO:0006865; amino acid transport
HI Biological process: Transport; Amino-acid transport.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
AC KW-0030
DE Enzyme that activates an amino acid for translation by forming an
DE aminoacyladenylate intermediate and then links this activated amino
DE acid to the corresponding tRNA molecule (amino acid-tRNA, aminoacyl-
DE tRNA). In general, a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthase is available for
DE each amino acid.
SY Aminoacyl-tRNA synthase; Aminoacyl-tRNA ligase; Amino acid translase.
GO GO:0004812; aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity
HI Molecular function: Ligase; Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Aminopeptidase.
AC KW-0031
DE Enzyme that catalyzes the removal of amino acids from the N-terminus
DE of peptides and proteins.
GO GO:0004177; aminopeptidase activity
HI Molecular function: Hydrolase; Protease; Aminopeptidase.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Aminotransferase.
AC KW-0032
DE Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an alpha-amino group from an
DE amino acid to an alpha-keto acid. The amino group is usually
DE covalently bound by the prosthetic group pyridoxal phosphate.
SY Transaminase.
GO GO:0008483; transaminase activity
HI Molecular function: Transferase; Aminotransferase.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Ammonia transport.
AC KW-0924
DE Protein involved in the transport of ammonia/ammonium. Ammonia is an
DE excellent nitrogen source for many bacteria, fungi, and plants, but it
DE can be cytotoxic, especially for animal cells at high concentration.
DE Its transport across cellular membranes is thus of high biological
DE relevance. Ammonia (NH3) is a weak base and exists predominantly as
DE the ammonium ion (NH4+) in biological fluids.
SY Ammonium transport.
GO GO:0015696; ammonium transport
HI Biological process: Transport; Ammonia transport.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Amphibian defense peptide.
AC KW-0878
DE Protein specifically found in the skin of animals belonging to the
DE vertebrate class amphibia, that includes frogs, toads, newts,
DE salamanders and worm-like apoda. The skins of anuran amphibians, in
DE addition to mucous glands, contain highly specialized poison glands,
DE which, in reaction to stress or attack, exude a complex noxious
DE species-specific cocktail of biologically active molecules. These
DE secretions often contain a plethora of peptides such as neuropeptides
DE and hormones. The frog dermatous glands also synthesize and store an
DE extraordinarily rich variety of wide-spectrum antimicrobial peptides
DE that are released onto the outer layer of the skin to provide an
DE effective and fast-acting defense against harmful microorganisms.
GO GO:0006952; defense response
HI Molecular function: Amphibian defense peptide.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Amyloid.
AC KW-0034
DE Protein which, if defective, causes amyloidosis, or constituent of
DE amyloid deposits. Amyloid is a starch-like, complex proteinaceous
DE fibrillar material deposited in heart, liver and other organs in
DE various forms of amyloidosis. Amyloid deposits in the brain are
DE characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, trisomy 21 and, to a limited
DE extent, in normal aging.
HI Disease: Amyloid.
CA Disease.
//
ID Amyloplast.
AC KW-0035
DE Protein found in the amyloplast, a colorless plant plastid that forms
DE and stores starch. Amyloplasts are found in many tissues, particularly
DE in storage tissues.
GO GO:0009501; amyloplast
HI Cellular component: Plastid; Amyloplast.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AC KW-0036
DE Protein which, if defective, causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
DE (ALS), a degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the cortex, brain
DE stem and spinal cord. ALS is characterized by muscular weakness and
DE atrophy.
SY ALS.
HI Disease: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
CA Disease.
//
ID Angiogenesis.
AC KW-0037
DE Protein involved in angiogenesis, the sprouting or splitting of
DE capillaries from pre-existing vasculature. Angiogenesis plays an
DE important role for example during embryonic development, normal growth
DE of tissues and maintenance of the normal vasculature, wound healing,
DE tumor growth and metastasis.
SY Vascularization.
GO GO:0001525; angiogenesis
HI Biological process: Differentiation; Angiogenesis.
HI Molecular function: Developmental protein; Angiogenesis.
WW http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?517
CA Biological process.
//
ID Anion exchange.
AC KW-0039
DE Protein involved in the exchange of anions across a membrane. Anion
DE exchange is a cellular transport function which contributes to the
DE regulation of cell pH and volume by a functionally related anion
DE exchanger protein family.
SY Anion exchanger activity.
GO GO:0015380; anion exchanger activity
HI Biological process: Transport; Ion transport; Anion exchange.
CA Biological process.
//
ID ANK repeat.
AC KW-0040
DE Protein containing at least one ANK repeat, a conserved domain of
DE approximately 33 amino acids, that was originally identified in
DE ankyrin. It has been described as an L-shaped structure consisting of
DE a beta-hairpin and two alpha-helices. Many ankyrin repeat regions are
DE known to function as protein-protein interaction domains.
SY ANK motif; Ankyrin repeat.
HI Domain: ANK repeat.
CA Domain.
//
ID Annexin.
AC KW-0041
DE Protein containing at least one annexin repeat, a conserved domain of
DE 61 residues, which is present in proteins of the annexin family in
DE either four or eight copies. The annexin calcium binding sites are
DE found within the repeated domains.
SY Annexin repeat.
HI Domain: Annexin.
CA Domain.
//
ID Antenna complex.
AC KW-0042
DE Component of an antenna complex or protein regulating the expression
DE of such components. Antenna complexes are light-harvesting systems
DE (LHC) which are protein-pigment complexes in or on photosynthetic
DE membranes. LHCs receive radiant energy and transfer it to the reaction
DE centers; an array of LHCs is often referred to as an "antenna". LHCs
DE typically include one or more associated pigments (phycobilins,
DE chlorophylls, bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids).
SY Light-harvesting antenna; Light-harvesting complex.
GO GO:0030076; light-harvesting complex
HI Cellular component: Antenna complex.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Anti-oncogene.
AC KW-0043
DE Protein that negatively regulates the cell cycle. If it is inactivated
DE or defective the cell can proceed to rapid division. These proteins may
DE suppress the development of tumors.
SY Antitumor; Tumor suppressor.
GO GO:0045786; negative regulation of progression through cell cycle
HI Molecular function: Anti-oncogene.
HI Biological process: Cell cycle; Anti-oncogene.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Antibiotic.
AC KW-0044
DE Protein with antibacterial activity.
SY Antibacterial; Bactericide.
GO GO:0042742; defense response to bacterium
HI Molecular function: Antimicrobial; Antibiotic.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Antibiotic biosynthesis.
AC KW-0045
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of antibiotics. Antibiotics are
DE organic compounds produced by living organims that can selectively
DE inhibit the growth of, or kill bacteria.
SY Antibiotic synthesis; Antibiotic anabolism; Antibiotic formation.
GO GO:0017000; antibiotic biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Antibiotic biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Antibiotic resistance.
AC KW-0046
DE Protein that confers, on bacteria, the ability to withstand
DE antibiotics. The resistance is often due either to mutations that
DE prevent antibiotic binding to the protein or to amplification of the
DE gene encoding the protein.
SY Resistance to antibiotic.
GO GO:0046677; response to antibiotic
HI Biological process: Antibiotic resistance.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Antifreeze protein.
AC KW-0047
DE Protein that lowers the freezing point of blood or other biological
DE fluids by inhibiting the formation of water ice crystals.
SY AFP; Ice structuring protein; ISP.
GO GO:0050825; ice binding
GO GO:0042309; homoiothermy
GO GO:0050826; response to freezing
HI Molecular function: Antifreeze protein.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Antimicrobial.
AC KW-0929
DE Protein which has deleterious effects on any type of microbe. Microbe
DE is a general term for microscopic unicellular organisms, such as
DE bacteria, archaea, fungi and protista. While the term microbe is often
DE also used for viruses, we do not apply the keyword antimicrobial to
DE antiviral proteins.
HI Molecular function: Antimicrobial.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Antioxidant.
AC KW-0049
DE Protein capable of counteracting the damaging effects of oxidation,
DE e.g. by trapping free radicals generated during the metabolic burst
DE and possibly inhibiting ageing. Scavengers of highly reactive and
DE harmful oxygen species.
GO GO:0016209; antioxidant activity
HI Molecular function: Antioxidant.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Antiport.
AC KW-0050
DE Protein involved in the transport of a solute across a biological
DE membrane coupled, directly, to the transport of a different solute
DE in the opposite direction.
SY Antiporter; Countertransporter; Exchange transporter; Exchanger.
GO GO:0015297; antiporter activity
HI Biological process: Transport; Antiport.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Antiviral defense.
AC KW-0051
DE Protein synthesized or activated in the cell in response to viral
DE infection, or protein with specific antiviral activity within the
DE cell. Eucaryotic cells have an innate immune mechanism to fight viral
DE infection, which is activated through the interferon signaling pathway
DE or through dsRNA detection in the cytoplasm. It leads to the
DE establishment of an antiviral cell state, which prevents virus
DE replication or induces apoptosis. Most viruses have developed specific
DE proteins to prevent the establishment of an antiviral state.
GO GO:0009615; response to virus
HI Biological process: Antiviral defense.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Antiviral protein.
AC KW-0930
DE Protein with antiviral activity. Often this activity is fortuitous
DE (e.g. a bacterial protein displaying anti-HIV activity).
GO GO:0050688; regulation of antiviral response
HI Molecular function: Antiviral protein.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Aortic aneurysm.
AC KW-0993
DE Protein which, if defective, causes aortic aneurysm. Aortic aneurysm
DE is the dilation of the wall of the aorta. It forms a sac that is
DE filled with fluid or clotted blood, often resulting in a pulsating
DE tumor. Aortic aneurysms are classified by their location on the aorta.
HI Disease: Aortic aneurysm.
CA Disease.
//
ID Apicoplast.
AC KW-0933
DE Protein encoded by the apicoplast genome or protein located in the
DE apicoplast, a plastid found in some apicomplexan parasites which is
DE a non-photosynthetic plastid relict. This organelle contains ring-like
DE DNA of about 35 Kb as a third type of cell genome. Apicoplasts do not
DE contain thylakoids; it is not yet clear if they contain internal
DE membranes.
SY Golgi-adjunct organelle; Thick-walled organelle.
GO GO:0020011; apicoplast
HI Cellular component: Plastid; Apicoplast.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Apoplast.
AC KW-0052
DE Protein which is found in the part of the plant which is external to
DE the living protoplast, ie the cell wall, the intercellular space and
DE the lumina of dead cells such as xylem vessels and tracheids.
GO GO:0048046; apoplast
HI Cellular component: Apoplast.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Apoptosis.
AC KW-0053
DE Protein involved in programmed cell death. Apoptosis is an active
DE process requiring metabolic activity by the dying cell; often
DE characterised by cleavage of the DNA into fragments that give a so-
DE called "laddering pattern" on gels. It serves as a balance to mitosis
DE in regulating the size of animal tissues.
SY Active cell death; Apoptotic programmed cell death;
SY Type I programmed cell death.
GO GO:0006915; apoptosis
HI Biological process: Apoptosis.
WW http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?638
CA Biological process.
//
ID Arabinose catabolism.
AC KW-0054
DE Protein involved in arabinose breakdown. Arabinose is a 5-carbon
DE aldose sugar found in plant gums, pectins and bacterial cell wall
DE polysaccharides.
SY Arabinose breakdown; Arabinose catabolic process;
SY Arabinose degradation.
GO GO:0019568; arabinose catabolic process
HI Biological process: Carbohydrate metabolism; Arabinose catabolism.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Archaeal flagellum.
AC KW-0974
DE Archaeal protein present in or involved in the biogenesis or function
DE of a flagellum, a long hair-like cell suface appendage made of
DE polymerized flagellin with an attached hook. This rotating structure
DE with switches propels the cell through a liquid medium. The archaeal
DE flagellum is distinct from its bacterial equivalent in terms of
DE architecture, composition and mechanism of assembly. Thinner (10-15
DE nm) compared to the bacterial flagellum (18-24 nm), it is usually
DE composed of several types of flagellins and is glycosylated.
SY Archaeal flagella; Archaeal flagellar apparatus.
HI Cellular component: Cell projection; Archaeal flagellum.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Arginine biosynthesis.
AC KW-0055
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of the basic amino acid arginine
DE (Arg).
SY Arginine anabolism; Arginine biosynthetic process; Arginine formation;
SY Arginine synthesis.
GO GO:0006526; arginine biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Amino-acid biosynthesis; Arginine biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Arginine metabolism.
AC KW-0056
DE Protein involved in biochemical reactions with the basic amino acid
DE arginine (Arg).
SY Arginine metabolic process.
GO GO:0006525; arginine metabolic process
HI Biological process: Arginine metabolism.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Aromatic amino acid biosynthesis.
AC KW-0057
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of an amino acid with an aromatic
DE side-chain: phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp).
SY Aromatic amino acid anabolism;
SY Aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process;
SY Aromatic amino acid formation; Aromatic amino acid synthesis.
GO GO:0009073; aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Amino-acid biosynthesis; Aromatic amino acid biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Aromatic hydrocarbons catabolism.
AC KW-0058
DE Protein involved in the breakdown of aromatic hydrocarbons. Aromatic
DE hydrocarbons are compounds which only contain carbon and hydrogen,
DE examples include the common pollutants benzene and naphthalene.
SY Aromatic compound catabolic process; Aromatic hydrocarbons breakdown;
SY Aromatic hydrocarbons degradation.
GO GO:0019439; aromatic compound catabolic process
HI Biological process: Aromatic hydrocarbons catabolism.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Arsenical resistance.
AC KW-0059
DE Protein that confers, on bacteria and other microorganisms, the
DE ability to withstand aromatic compounds of arsenic.
SY Arsenic resistance; Resistance to arsenic.
GO GO:0046685; response to arsenic
HI Biological process: Arsenical resistance.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Ascorbate biosynthesis.
AC KW-0060
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of ascorbate, the ionized form of
DE ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Ascorbic acid is derived from glucose via
DE the uronic acid pathway. This water-soluble vitamin is essential for
DE the synthesis of bone, cartilage and dentine. It is required in the
DE diet of primates and some other species that cannot synthesize L-
DE ascorbic acid because of their deficiency in L-gulono-gamma-lactone
DE oxidase, a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of this vitamin.
SY Ascorbate anabolism; Ascorbate biosynthetic process;
SY Ascorbate formation; Ascorbate synthesis; Ascorbic acid anabolism;
SY Ascorbic acid biosynthesis; Ascorbic acid biosynthetic process;
SY Ascorbic acid formation; Ascorbic acid synthesis; Vitamin C anabolism;
SY Vitamin C biosynthesis; Vitamin C biosynthetic process;
SY Vitamin C formation; Vitamin C synthesis.
GO GO:0019853; L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Ascorbate biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Asparagine biosynthesis.
AC KW-0061
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of the polar amino acid asparagine
DE (Asn).
SY Asparagine anabolism; Asparagine biosynthetic process;
SY Asparagine formation; Asparagine synthesis.
GO GO:0006529; asparagine biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Amino-acid biosynthesis; Asparagine biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Aspartic protease inhibitor.
AC KW-0062
DE Protein which inhibits the catalytic activity of an aspartyl protease, a
DE class of proteases that contains an active site aspartate residue
DE (Asp), e.g. pepsin, HIV retropepsin, renin, etc.
SY Aspartic proteinase inhibitor; Aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor;
SY Aspartyl protease inhibitor.
GO GO:0019828; aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity
HI Molecular function: Protease inhibitor; Aspartic protease inhibitor.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Aspartyl esterase.
AC KW-0063
DE Enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of esters and is characterized
DE by a catalytically active aspartic acid residue in its active site.
GO GO:0045330; aspartyl esterase activity
HI Molecular function: Hydrolase; Aspartyl esterase.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Aspartyl protease.
AC KW-0064
DE Proteolytic enzyme with an aspartate residue (Asp) in its active site.
DE There are many families of aspartyl proteases. The most well known one
DE is the pepsin family (A1 in MEROPS classification) which is known to
DE exist in vertebrates, fungi, plants, retroviruses and some plant
DE viruses.
SY Acid protease; Aspartate protease; Aspartic protease;
SY Aspartic proteinase; Aspartic-type endopeptidase; Aspartyl proteinase.
GO GO:0004190; aspartic-type endopeptidase activity
HI Molecular function: Hydrolase; Protease; Aspartyl protease.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Atherosclerosis.
AC KW-0065
DE Protein which, if defective, causes atherosclerosis, which is
DE characterized by deposits of plaques (atheromas) in the blood vessels,
DE thus narrowing the vessel lumen and restricting blood flow. Atheromas
DE consist of lipids (cholesterol), carbohydrates, blood products,
DE fibrous tissue and calcium deposits.
SY Arteriosclerosis.
HI Disease: Atherosclerosis.
CA Disease.
//
ID ATP synthesis.
AC KW-0066
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP).
DE ATP is a ribonucleotide adenosine (a purine base adenine linked to the
DE sugar D-ribofuranose) which carries 3 phosphate groups esterified to
DE the sugar moiety. It is the cell's source for energy and phosphate.
SY ATP biosynthesis; ATP anabolism; ATP formation;
SY ATP biosynthetic process; Adenosine 5'-triphosphate biosynthesis;
SY Adenosine 5'-triphosphate anabolism; Adenosine 5'-triphosphate formation;
SY Adenosine 5'-triphosphate biosynthetic process;
SY Adenosine triphosphate biosynthesis; Adenosine triphosphate anabolism;
SY Adenosine triphosphate biosynthetic process;
SY Adenosine triphosphate formation.
GO GO:0046872; metal ion binding
GO GO:0006754; ATP biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: ATP synthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID ATP-binding.
AC KW-0067
DE Protein which binds adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), a ribonucleotide
DE adenosine (a purine base adenine linked to the sugar D-ribofuranose)
DE that carries three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. It
DE is the cell's source for energy and phosphate.
SY Adenosine 5'-triphosphate binding; Adenosine triphosphate binding.
GO GO:0005524; ATP binding
HI Ligand: Nucleotide-binding; ATP-binding.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Atrial septal defect.
AC KW-0976
DE Protein which, if defective, causes atrial septal defect, a congenital
DE cardiac anomaly characterized by persistent patency of the atrial
DE septum that results in blood flow between the atria. It is due to
DE failure of fusion between either the septum secundum or the septum
DE primum and the endocardial cushions.
SY Atrioseptal defect.
HI Disease: Atrial septal defect.
CA Disease.
//
ID Autocatalytic cleavage.
AC KW-0068
DE Protein catalyzing its own cleavage.
SY Autocatalytic peptide cleavage.
HI PTM: Autocatalytic cleavage.
CA PTM.
//
ID Autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
AC KW-0069
DE Protein which, if defective, causes autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This
DE form of autoimmune inflammation of the brain and spinal cord causes
DE demyelination.
SY Autoimmune encephalitis.
HI Disease: Autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
CA Disease.
//
ID Autoimmune uveitis.
AC KW-0070
DE Protein which, if defective, causes autoimmune inflammation of the
DE uvea, which is the vascular middle coat of the eye, comprising the
DE iris, ciliary body and choroid.
HI Disease: Autoimmune uveitis.
HI Biological process: Sensory transduction; Vision; Autoimmune uveitis.
CA Disease.
//
ID Autoinducer synthesis.
AC KW-0071
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of an autoinducer, a molecule which
DE triggers the regulators of biosynthetic genes.
SY Autoinducer anabolism; Autoinducer biosynthesis;
SY Autoinducer biosynthetic process; Autoinducer formation.
HI Biological process: Autoinducer synthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Autophagy.
AC KW-0072
DE Protein participating in autophagy, a process of intracellular bulk
DE degradation in which cytoplasmic components including organelles are
DE sequestered within double-membrane vesicles that deliver the contents
DE to the lysosome/vacuole for degradation. There are three primary forms
DE of autophagy: chaperone-mediated autophagy, microautophagy and
DE macroautophagy. During macroautophagy, the sequestering vesicles,
DE termed autophagosomes, fuse with the lysosome or vacuole resulting in
DE the delivery of an inner vesicle (autophagic body) into the lumen of
DE the degradative compartment.
GO GO:0006914; autophagy
HI Biological process: Autophagy.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Auxin biosynthesis.
AC KW-0073
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of auxins. Auxins are plant hormones
DE which play a role in many aspects of plant growth and development.
SY Auxin anabolism; Auxin biosynthetic process; Auxin formation;
SY Auxin synthesis.
GO GO:0009851; auxin biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Auxin biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Auxin signaling pathway.
AC KW-0927
DE Protein involved in the auxin signaling pathway (e.g. transport and
DE signal transduction) that regulates many aspects of plant growth and
DE development (e.g. caulogenesis, rhizogenesis, tropisms, nodulation).
DE The major form of this phytohormone is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) that
DE can be synthesized both from tryptophan (Trp) using Trp-dependent
DE pathways and from an indolic Trp precursor via Trp-independent
DE pathways. Plants can also obtain IAA by b-oxidation of indole-3-
DE butyric acid (IBA), a second endogenous auxin, or by hydrolysing IAA
DE conjugates, in which IAA is linked to amino acids, sugars or peptides.
SY Auxin mediated signaling pathway.
GO GO:0009734; auxin mediated signaling pathway
HI Biological process: Auxin signaling pathway.
CA Biological process.
//
ID B-cell activation.
AC KW-0075
DE Protein involved in the activation and proliferation of B-cells. B-
DE cells are activated by the binding of antigen to receptors on its cell
DE surface which causes the cell to divide and proliferate. Some
DE stimulated B-cells become plasma cells, which secrete antibodies.
DE Others become long-lived memory B-cells which can be stimulated at a
DE later time to differentiate into plasma cells.
GO GO:0042113; B cell activation
HI Biological process: B-cell activation.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Bacterial flagellum.
AC KW-0975
DE Bacterial protein present in or involved in the biogenesis or function
DE of a flagellum, a long hair-like cell suface appendage.
DE The flagellar apparatus consists of the flagellar filament made of
DE polymerized flagellin, the hook-like structure near the cell surface
DE and a system of rings embedded in the cell enveloppe (the basal body
DE or flagellar motor). The basal body and the hook anchor the whip-like
DE filament to the cell surface. The flagellum is a rotating structure
DE with switches propels the cell through a liquid medium.
SY Bacterial flagella; Bacterial flagellar apparatus.
HI Cellular component: Cell projection; Bacterial flagellum.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Bacteriochlorophyll.
AC KW-0076
DE Protein interacting with bacteriochlorophyll, a photosynthetic pigment
DE found in non-oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. It is a magnesium-
DE porphyrin complex esterified to a long hydrophobic terpenoid side
DE chain (the alcohol phytol). It differs from chlorophyll of oxygenic
DE organisms in the substituents around the tetrapyrrole nucleus of the
DE molecule, and in the absorption spectra. Different bacteria have
DE different species of bacteriochlorophyll.
GO GO:0042314; bacteriochlorophyll binding
HI Ligand: Chromophore; Chlorophyll; Bacteriochlorophyll.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis.
AC KW-0077
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of bacteriochlorophylls. These
DE photosynthetic pigments are magnesium-porphyrin complexes with a long
DE hydrophobic terpenoid side chain (the alcohol phytol). Biosynthesis of
DE bacteriochlorophyll is a light-independent reaction.
SY Bacteriochlorophyll anabolism;
SY Bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic process;
SY Bacteriochlorophyll formation; Bacteriochlorophyll synthesis.
GO GO:0030494; bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Chlorophyll biosynthesis; Bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Bacteriocin.
AC KW-0078
DE Peptidic antibiotic, often plasmid encoded, produced by specific
DE strains of bacteria that is lethal against other strains of the same
DE or related species. E.g. bacteriocin, colicin, lantibiotic.
GO GO:0005102; receptor binding
GO GO:0019835; cytolysis
HI Molecular function: Antimicrobial; Antibiotic; Bacteriocin.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Bacteriocin biosynthesis.
AC KW-0871
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of a bacteriocin.
SY Bacteriocin anabolism; Bacteriocin biosynthetic process;
SY Bacteriocin formation; Bacteriocin synthesis.
GO GO:0030152; bacteriocin biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Antibiotic biosynthesis; Bacteriocin biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Bacteriocin immunity.
AC KW-0079
DE Protein that confers to a bacteria immunity against a specific
DE bacteriocin that it synthesizes.
GO GO:0030153; bacteriocin immunity
HI Biological process: Bacteriocin immunity.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Bacteriocin transport.
AC KW-0080
DE Protein involved in the export of a bacteriocin (bacterial antibiotic).
GO GO:0043213; bacteriocin transport
HI Biological process: Transport; Protein transport; Bacteriocin transport.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Bacteriolytic enzyme.
AC KW-0081
DE Enzyme, e.g. lysozyme or endopeptidase, essential for lysis of
DE bacterial cell walls.
GO GO:0003824; catalytic activity
GO GO:0019835; cytolysis
GO GO:0042742; defense response to bacterium
HI Molecular function: Antimicrobial; Bacteriolytic enzyme.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Bait region.
AC KW-0082
DE Protein having a peptide stretch which contains specific cleavage
DE sites for different proteinases, and which enables inhibition of all
DE four classes of proteinases.
GO GO:0017114; wide-spectrum protease inhibitor activity
HI Domain: Bait region.
CA Domain.
//
ID Bardet-Biedl syndrome.
AC KW-0083
DE Protein which, if defective, causes Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), a
DE genetically heterogeneous, autosomal recessive disorder. It is
DE characterized by pigmentary retinopathy, obesity, polydactyly,
DE hypogenitalism, renal malformation and mental retardation. Secondary
DE features include diabetes mellitus, hypertension and congenital heart
DE disease.
SY BBS.
HI Disease: Bardet-Biedl syndrome.
CA Disease.
//
ID Bartter syndrome.
AC KW-0910
DE Protein which, if defective, causes Bartter syndrome (BS). In general,
DE Bartter syndrome refers to a group of autosomal recessive disorders
DE characterized by often severe intravascular volume depletion due to
DE renal salt-wasting associated with low blood pressure, hypokalemic
DE alkalosis, hypercalciuria, and normal serum magnesium levels. Patients
DE with Bartter syndrome are often critically ill from birth onwards, and
DE their long-term clinical course may be complicated by nephrocalcinosis,
DE leading to renal failure. Clinical disease results from defective renal
DE reabsorption of sodium chloride in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of
DE the Henle loop, where only 30% of filtered salt is normally reabsorbed.
HI Disease: Bartter syndrome.
CA Disease.
//
ID Basement membrane.
AC KW-0084
DE Protein which is a component of the basement membrane, an
DE extracellular matrix found under epithelial cells and around smooth
DE and striated muscle cells. This matrix contains intrinsic
DE macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated
DE proteoglycans.
GO GO:0005604; basement membrane
HI Cellular component: Secreted; Extracellular matrix; Basement membrane.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Behavior.
AC KW-0085
DE Protein which affects the behavior, the action or reaction, of an
DE organism to a stimulus or situation.
GO GO:0007610; behavior
HI Biological process: Behavior.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Bence-Jones protein.
AC KW-0086
DE Protein which is a dimer of immunoglobulin light chains synthesized
DE in large amounts by patients who have myeloma or bone marrow tumor.
DE Bence-Jones protein is sufficiently small to be excreted by the kidney
DE into urine.
HI Molecular function: Bence-Jones protein.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Bernard Soulier syndrome.
AC KW-0087
DE Protein which, if defective, causes Bernard Soulier syndrome (BSS), a
DE familial coagulation disorder characterized by a prolonged bleeding
DE time, unusually large platelets, and impaired prothrombin consumption.
DE BSS is caused by a genetic deficiency in platelet membrane
DE glycoprotein Ib alpha chain and platelet glycoprotein IX, where
DE platelets aggregate normally but do not stick to collagen of the sub-
DE endothelial membrane.
SY BSS.
HI Disease: Bernard Soulier syndrome.
CA Disease.
//
ID Bile acid catabolism.
AC KW-0088
DE Protein involved in degradation of bile acids. Bile acids, which exist
DE mainly as bile salts, are a family of carboxylic acid derivatives of
DE cholesterol which play an important role in the digestion and
DE absorption of fat. They are made in the liver, stored in the
DE gallblader, and secreted as needed into the intestines.
SY Bile acid breakdown; Bile acid catabolic process;
SY Bile acid degradation; Bile salt breakdown;
SY Bile salt catabolic process; Bile salt catabolism;
SY Bile salt degradation.
GO GO:0030573; bile acid catabolic process
HI Biological process: Lipid metabolism; Steroid metabolism; Bile acid catabolism.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Bile pigment.
AC KW-0089
DE Protein binding covalently at least one linear tetrapyrrole
DE chromophore, e.g. bilirubin, biliverdin, bilifuscin, biliprasin,
DE choleprasin, bilihumin, and bilicyanin. Bile pigments are produced by
DE breaking down protoporphyrin IX derived from hemoglobin and other heme
DE proteins.
SY Bilin chromophore.
HI Ligand: Chromophore; Bile pigment.
CA Ligand.
//
IC Biological process.
AC KW-9999
DE Keywords assigned to proteins because they are involved in a
DE particular biological process.
//
ID Biological rhythms.
AC KW-0090
DE Protein involved in the generation of rhythmic pattern of behaviors or
DE activities, e.g. circadian rhythm which is a metabolic or behavioural
DE rhythm within a cycle of 24 hours.
SY Rhythmic process.
GO GO:0048511; rhythmic process
HI Biological process: Biological rhythms.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Biomineralization.
AC KW-0091
DE Protein involved in the process by which mineral crystals are
DE deposited in an organized fashion in the matrix (either cellular or
DE extracellular) of living organisms. Such process give rise to
DE inorganic-based structures such as bone, tooth, ivory, shells,
DE cuticles, corals or bacterial magnetosomes.
GO GO:0001503; ossification
HI Biological process: Biomineralization.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Biotin.
AC KW-0092
DE Protein which contains at least one biotin as prosthetic group or
DE cofactor (e.g. some carboxylases and decarboxylases, and biotin
DE carboxyl carrier protein) or which binds biotin, like avidin. Biotin
DE is a water-soluble vitamin (member of the B complex vitamins)
DE essential for fatty acid biosynthesis, catabolism, and it acts as a
DE growth factor for many cells.
SY Vitamin B7; Vitamin B8; Vitamin H; Coenzyme R; Biopeiderm.
HI Ligand: Biotin.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Biotin biosynthesis.
AC KW-0093
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of biotin, a prosthetic group for
DE some carboxylase and decarboxylase enzymes. This water-soluble vitamin
DE is essential for fatty acid biosynthesis, catabolism, and it acts as a
DE growth factor for many cells.
SY Biopeiderm anabolism; Biopeiderm biosynthesis;
SY Biopeiderm biosynthetic process; Biopeiderm formation;
SY Biopeiderm synthesis; Biotin anabolism; Biotin biosynthetic process;
SY Biotin formation; Biotin synthesis; Coenzyme R anabolism;
SY Coenzyme R biosynthesis; Coenzyme R biosynthetic process;
SY Coenzyme R formation; Coenzyme R synthesis;
SY Vitamin B7 anabolism; Vitamin B7 biosynthetic process;
SY Vitamin B7 formation; Vitamin B7 synthesis;
SY Vitamin B8 anabolism; Vitamin B8 biosynthetic process;
SY Vitamin B8 formation; Vitamin B8 synthesis; Vitamin H anabolism;
SY Vitamin H biosynthesis; Vitamin H biosynthetic process;
SY Vitamin H formation; Vitamin H synthesis.
GO GO:0009102; biotin biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Biotin biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Blood coagulation.
AC KW-0094
DE Protein involved in blood clotting, a complex enzymatic cascade, in
DE which the activated form of one factor catalyzes the activation of the
DE next factor. Both, the extrinsic clotting pathway, induced by a
DE damaged surface, and the intrinsic pathway, induced by a trauma,
DE converge in a final common pathway to form cross-linked fibrin clots.
GO GO:0007596; blood coagulation
HI Biological process: Blood coagulation.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Blood group antigen.
AC KW-0095
DE Protein belonging to the set of cell surface antigens found chiefly,
DE but not solely, on blood cells. More than fifteen different blood
DE group systems are recognised in humans. In most cases the antigenic
DE determinant resides in the carbohydrate chains of membrane
DE glycoproteins or glycolipids.
SY Agglutinogen.
HI Molecular function: Blood group antigen.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis.
AC KW-0100
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of the essential aliphatic branched-
DE chain amino acids leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val).
SY Branched-chain amino acid anabolism;
SY Branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic process;
SY Branched-chain amino acid formation;
SY Branched-chain amino acid synthesis.
GO GO:0009082; branched chain family amino acid biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Amino-acid biosynthesis; Branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Branched-chain amino acid catabolism.
AC KW-0101
DE Protein involved in the degradation of the branched-chain amino acids
DE leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val).
SY Branched-chain amino acid breakdown;
SY Branched-chain amino acid catabolic process;
SY Branched-chain amino acid degradation.
GO GO:0009083; branched chain family amino acid catabolic process
HI Biological process: Branched-chain amino acid catabolism.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Bromination.
AC KW-0102
DE Protein which is posttranslationally modified by the attachment of at
DE least one bromine.
SY Brominated; Bromated.
HI PTM: Bromination.
CA PTM.
//
ID Bromodomain.
AC KW-0103
DE Protein containing at least one bromodomain. The bromodomain is a
DE conserved region, approximately 70 amino acids, characteristic for a
DE class of regulatory proteins. It mediates interactions with proteins
DE that are necessary for transcriptional activation.
HI Domain: Bromodomain.
CA Domain.
//
ID Brugada syndrome.
AC KW-0992
DE Protein which, if defective, causes Brugada syndrome, a heart disease
DE characterized by an electrocardiogram pattern showing ST segment
DE elevation in right precordial leads (V1 to V3), incomplete or complete
DE right bundle branch block, and ventricular tachyarrhythmia. In some
DE cases, tachycardia does not terminate spontaneously and it may
DE degenerate into ventricular fibrillation and lead to sudden death.
SY BRS.
HI Disease: Brugada syndrome.
CA Disease.
//
ID c-di-GMP.
AC KW-0973
DE Protein whose function is c-di-GMP-dependent or which catalyzes its
DE hydrolysis. c-di-GMP is the abbreviation for cyclic di-GMP, bis-(3'-
DE 5') cyclic diguanylic acid. It acts as a bacterial second messenger.
SY 3',5'-cyclic di-GMP; Cyclic dinucleotide di-GMP; Cyclic diguanylate;
SY Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate; c-(Gpgp); cGpGp;
SY Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate; 3'-5'-cyclic diguanylic acid;
SY Bis-(3'-5') cyclic diguanylic acid; Cyclic diguanylic acid;
SY Cyclic-bis(3',5')diguanylic acid.
HI Ligand: c-di-GMP.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Cadmium.
AC KW-0104
DE Protein which binds at least one cadmium atom, or protein whose
DE function is cadmium-dependent. Cadmium is a heavy metal, chemical
DE symbol Cd.
SY Cd; Cadmium ion.
GO GO:0046870; cadmium ion binding
HI Ligand: Cadmium.
WW http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cd/
CA Ligand.
//
ID Cadmium resistance.
AC KW-0105
DE Protein that confers, on bacteria and other microorganisms, the
DE ability to withstand the transition metal cadmium (Cd).
SY Cadmium ion resistance; Cd resistance; Resistance to cadmium;
SY Resistance to cadmium ion; Resistance to Cd.
GO GO:0046686; response to cadmium ion
HI Biological process: Cadmium resistance.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Calcium.
AC KW-0106
DE Protein which binds at least one calcium atom, or protein whose function
DE is calcium-dependent. Calcium is a metal, chemical symbol Ca. Calcium is
DE essential for a variety of bodily functions, such as neurotransmission,
DE muscle contraction and proper heart function.
SY Ca; Calcium ion.
GO GO:0005509; calcium ion binding
HI Ligand: Calcium.
WW http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ca/
CA Ligand.
//
ID Calcium channel.
AC KW-0107
DE Cell membrane glycoprotein forming a channel in a biological membrane
DE selectively permeable to calcium ions. Calcium is essential for a
DE variety of bodily functions, such as neurotransmission, muscle
DE contraction and proper heart function.
SY Ca channel; Calcium ion channel.
GO GO:0005262; calcium channel activity
HI Molecular function: Ionic channel; Calcium channel.
HI Biological process: Transport; Ion transport; Calcium transport; Calcium channel.
HI Ligand: Calcium; Calcium channel.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Calcium channel inhibitor.
AC KW-0108
DE Protein which interferes with the function of calcium channels which
DE are membrane proteins forming a channel in a biological membrane
DE selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are found in various
DE venoms from snakes, scorpions and spiders.
SY Ca channel inhibitor; Calcium ion channel inhibitor.
GO GO:0019855; calcium channel inhibitor activity
HI Molecular function: Toxin; Ionic channel inhibitor; Calcium channel inhibitor.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Calcium transport.
AC KW-0109
DE Protein involved in the transport of calcium ions. Calcium is
DE essential for a variety of bodily functions, such as
DE neurotransmission, muscle contraction and proper heart function.
SY Ca transport; Calcium ion transport.
GO GO:0006816; calcium ion transport
HI Biological process: Transport; Ion transport; Calcium transport.
HI Ligand: Calcium; Calcium transport.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Calcium/phospholipid-binding.
AC KW-0111
DE Protein which contains at least one binding site for calcium and
DE phospholipid. For example, proteins with annexin repeats, of which a
DE pair may form one binding site for calcium and phospholipid, or
DE some proteins with C2 domains.
SY Calcium-dependent phospholipid binding.
GO GO:0005544; calcium-dependent phospholipid binding
HI Ligand: Calcium; Calcium/phospholipid-binding.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Calmodulin-binding.
AC KW-0112
DE Protein which binds at least one calmodulin, an ubiquitous small
DE calcium-binding protein. Its binding to proteins may cause a
DE conformational change which either activates or inactivates their
DE function.
GO GO:0005516; calmodulin binding
HI Ligand: Calmodulin-binding.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Calvin cycle.
AC KW-0113
DE Protein involved in the cycle of biochemical reactions responsible for
DE photosynthetic CO(2) fixation in many photosynthetic bacteria and in
DE the stroma of plant chloroplasts. The energy and reducing power for
DE this reaction are provided by the ATP and NADPH produced during the
DE light reactions of photosynthesis. The Calvin cycle is the only
DE photosynthetic pathway in C3 plants. In C4 and CAM plants CO(2) is
DE initially fixed into other organic acids that are subsequently
DE decarboxylated to release CO(2) to the Calvin cycle. Non-
DE photosynthetic organism (e.g. Rhizobium) also use the cycle to fix
DE CO(2).
SY Calvin-Benson cycle; Reductive pentose phosphate cycle.
GO GO:0019253; reductive pentose-phosphate cycle
HI Biological process: Calvin cycle.
CA Biological process.
//
ID cAMP.
AC KW-0114
DE Protein whose function is cAMP-dependent or which catalyzes its
DE hydrolysis. cAMP is the abbreviation for cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-
DE cyclic monophosphate, the first second messenger hormone signaling
DE system to be characterised. It is generated from ATP by the action of
DE adenyl cyclase that is coupled to hormone receptors by G proteins.
DE cAMP activates a specific protein kinase and is inactivated by
DE phosphodiesterase action giving 5'AMP.
SY 3',5'-cyclic AMP; Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate;
SY Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate; Cyclic adenylic acid;
SY Cyclic AMP.
HI Ligand: cAMP.
CA Ligand.
//
ID cAMP biosynthesis.
AC KW-0115
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of cAMP. cAMP is the abbreviation for
DE cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate.
SY 3',5'-cyclic AMP anabolism; 3',5'-cyclic AMP biosynthesis;
SY 3',5'-cyclic AMP biosynthetic process; 3',5'-cyclic AMP formation;
SY 3',5'-cyclic AMP synthesis; Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate anabolism;
SY Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate biosynthesis;
SY Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate biosynthetic process;
SY Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate formation;
SY Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate synthesis;
SY Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate anabolism;
SY Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate biosynthesis;
SY Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate biosynthetic process;
SY Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate formation;
SY Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate synthesis; cAMP anabolism;
SY cAMP biosynthetic process; cAMP formation; cAMP synthesis;
SY Cyclic adenylic acid anabolism; Cyclic adenylic acid biosynthesis;
SY Cyclic adenylic acid biosynthetic process;
SY Cyclic adenylic acid formation; Cyclic adenylic acid synthesis;
SY Cyclic AMP anabolism; Cyclic AMP biosynthesis;
SY Cyclic AMP biosynthetic process; Cyclic AMP formation;
SY Cyclic AMP synthesis.
GO GO:0006171; cAMP biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: cAMP biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID cAMP-binding.
AC KW-0116
DE Protein which binds at least one cAMP. cAMP is the abbreviation for
DE cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate.
SY 3',5'-cyclic AMP-binding; Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate-binding;
SY Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate-binding;
SY Cyclic adenylic acid-binding; Cyclic AMP-binding.
GO GO:0030552; cAMP binding
HI Ligand: Nucleotide-binding; cAMP-binding.
HI Ligand: cAMP; cAMP-binding.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Capsid assembly.
AC KW-0118
DE Viral protein that helps in the assembly of the capsid proteins,
DE but is not integrated in the virion.
SY Coat assembly; Viral capsid assembly.
GO GO:0019069; viral capsid assembly
HI Biological process: Capsid assembly.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Capsid maturation.
AC KW-0917
DE Viral protein involved in the maturation of the procapsid into the
DE mature capsid. Maturation usually involves proteolysis events and
DE changes in the folding of the capsid proteins.
SY Viral procapsid maturation.
GO GO:0046797; viral procapsid maturation
HI Biological process: Capsid maturation.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Capsid protein.
AC KW-0167
DE Structural protein of the virion that protects the nucleic acids of
DE the virus.
SY Coat protein.
GO GO:0005198; structural molecule activity
GO GO:0019028; viral capsid
HI Cellular component: Virion; Capsid protein.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Capsule.
AC KW-0875
DE Protein which is part of a capsule, the protective structure
DE surrounding some bacteria or fungi. The bacterial capsule is a layer
DE of material, usually polysaccharide, attached to the cell wall
DE possibly via covalent attachments to either phospholipid or lipid-A
DE molecules. It has several functions: promote bacterial adhesion to
DE surfaces or interaction with other organisms; act as a permeability
DE barrier, as a defense mechanism against phagocytosis and/or as a
DE nutrient reserve. Among pathogens, capsule formation often correlates
DE with pathogenicity. The fungal capsule is an extracellular layer which
DE lies outside the cell wall and it is usually composed of
DE polysaccharides. It protects the cell from different environmental
DE dangers such as phagocytosis, dessication, etc.
HI Cellular component: Secreted; Capsule.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Capsule biogenesis/degradation.
AC KW-0972
DE Protein which is involved in the formation, organization, maintenance
DE or degradation of the capsule. The capsule is a protective structure
DE surrounding some bacteria or fungi. The bacterial capsule is a layer
DE of material, usually polysaccharide, attached to the cell wall
DE possibly via covalent attachments to either phospholipid or lipid-A
DE molecules. The fungal capsule is an extracellular layer which lies
DE outside the cell wall and it is usually composed of polysaccharides.
HI Biological process: Capsule biogenesis/degradation.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Carbohydrate metabolism.
AC KW-0119
DE Protein participating in biochemical reactions in which carbohydrates
DE are involved. Carbohydrate is a general term for sugars and related
DE compounds with the general formula Cn(H2O)n. The smallest are
DE monosaccharides (e.g. glucose); polysaccharides (e.g. starch,
DE cellulose, glycogen) can be large and vary in length.
SY Carbohydrate metabolic process; Sugar metaabolism;
SY Sugar metabolic process.
GO GO:0005975; carbohydrate metabolic process
HI Biological process: Carbohydrate metabolism.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Carbon dioxide fixation.
AC KW-0120
DE Protein involved in the process of carbon dioxide fixation, e.g.
DE incorporation of carbon dioxide into carbohydrates by photosynthetic
DE organisms or formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate.
SY Carbon utilization by fixation of carbon dioxide;
SY Carbon utilization by fixation of CO(2);
SY Carbon utilization by fixation of CO2; CO(2) fixation; CO2 fixation.
GO GO:0015977; carbon utilization by fixation of carbon dioxide
HI Biological process: Carbon dioxide fixation.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Carboxypeptidase.
AC KW-0121
DE Protein that hydrolyzes a C-terminal peptide bond in polypeptide
DE chains.
GO GO:0004180; carboxypeptidase activity
HI Molecular function: Hydrolase; Protease; Carboxypeptidase.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Cardiomyopathy.
AC KW-0122
DE Protein which, if defective, causes cardiomyopathy, a chronic disorder
DE which affects the heart muscle causing a reduced pumping function. It
DE is a major cause of morbidity and mortality.
HI Disease: Cardiomyopathy.
CA Disease.
//
ID Cardiotoxin.
AC KW-0123
DE Protein which has a poisonous or deleterious effect upon the heart or
DE other parts of the cardiovascular system.
GO GO:0009405; pathogenesis
HI Molecular function: Toxin; Cardiotoxin.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Carnitine biosynthesis.
AC KW-0124
DE Protein involved in the biosynthesis of carnitine (L-3-hydroxy-4,
DE N,N,N-trimethylaminobutyrate), an essential metabolite with a number
DE of indispensable roles in intermediary metabolism.
SY 3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate anabolism;
SY 3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate biosynthesis;
SY 3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate biosynthetic process;
SY 3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate formation;
SY 3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate synthesis;
SY Carnitine anabolism; Carnitine biosynthetic process;
SY Carnitine formation; Carnitine synthesis;
SY Gamma-trimethyl-hydroxybutyrobetaine anabolism;
SY Gamma-trimethyl-hydroxybutyrobetaine biosynthesis;
SY Gamma-trimethyl-hydroxybutyrobetaine biosynthetic process;
SY Gamma-trimethyl-hydroxybutyrobetaine formation;
SY Gamma-trimethyl-hydroxybutyrobetaine synthesis.
GO GO:0045329; carnitine biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Carnitine biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Carotenoid biosynthesis.
AC KW-0125
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of carotenoids, a group of
DE orange, yellow, red, purple or brown pigments in plants, bacteria and
DE some fungi. Carotenoids, which comprise the carotenes and the
DE xanthophylls, are long polyisoprenoid molecules having conjugated
DE double bonds enabling light absorbtion.
SY Carotenoid anabolism; Carotenoid biosynthetic process;
SY Carotenoid formation; Carotenoid synthesis.
GO GO:0016117; carotenoid biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Carotenoid biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Cataract.
AC KW-0898
DE Protein which, if defective, causes cataract, a partial or complete
DE ocular opacity that affects the crystalline lens or its capsule,
DE leading to impaired vision or blindness. The many types of cataract
DE are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or
DE etiology (cause and time of occurrence). Cataracts may occur as an
DE isolated anomaly, as part of generalized ocular developmental defects,
DE or as a component of a multisystem disorder.
HI Disease: Cataract.
CA Disease.
//
ID Catecholamine biosynthesis.
AC KW-0127
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of catecholamines, which are amine
DE derivatives of catechol (2-hydroxyphenol). They are synthesized from
DE the amino acid tyrosine (Tyr) in sympathetic-nerve terminals and in
DE the adrenal gland. Catecholamines act as hormones or neuro-
DE transmitters, e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine.
SY Catecholamine anabolism; Catecholamine biosynthetic process;
SY Catecholamine formation; Catecholamine synthesis.
GO GO:0042423; catecholamine biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Catecholamine biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Catecholamine metabolism.
AC KW-0128
DE Protein participating the biochemical reactions in which
DE catecholamines are involved. Catecholamines are amine derivatives of
DE catechol (2-hydroxyphenol). They are synthesized from the amino acid
DE tyrosine (Tyr) in sympathetic-nerve terminals and in the adrenal
DE gland. Catecholamines act as hormones or neuro-transmitters, e.g.
DE adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine.
SY Catecholamine metabolic process.
GO GO:0006584; catecholamine metabolic process
HI Biological process: Catecholamine metabolism.
CA Biological process.
//
ID CBS domain.
AC KW-0129
DE Protein containing at least one CBS domain, a conserved domain found
DE in a wide range of proteins, which is named after cystathionine beta-
DE synthase (CBS), an enzyme that contains 2 copies of this domain.
HI Domain: CBS domain.
CA Domain.
//
ID Cell adhesion.
AC KW-0130
DE Protein involved in the adherence of cells to other cells or to a
DE matrix. Cell adhesion is mediated by cell surface proteins.
GO GO:0005515; protein binding
GO GO:0007155; cell adhesion
HI Biological process: Cell adhesion.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Cell cycle.
AC KW-0131
DE Protein involved in the complex series of events by which the cell
DE duplicates its contents and divides into two. The eukaryotic cell
DE cycle can be divided in four phases termed G1 (first gap period), S
DE (synthesis, phase during which the DNA is replicated), G2 (second gap
DE period) and M (mitosis). The prokaryotic cell cycle typically involves
DE a period of growth followed by DNA replication, partition of
DE chromosomes, formation of septum and division into two similar or
DE identical daughter cells.
GO GO:0007049; cell cycle
HI Biological process: Cell cycle.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Cell division.
AC KW-0132
DE Protein involved in the separation of one cell into two daughter
DE cells. In eukaryotic cells, cell division includes the nuclear
DE division (mitosis) and the subsequent cytoplasmic division
DE (cytokinesis).
GO GO:0051301; cell division
HI Biological process: Cell cycle; Cell division.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Cell junction.
AC KW-0965
DE Protein found in or associated with a cell junction, a cell-cell or
DE cell-extracellular matrix contact within a tissue of a multicellular
DE organism, especially abundant in epithelia. In vertebrates, there are
DE three major types of cell junctions: anchoring junctions (e.g.
DE adherens junctions), communicating junctions (e.g. gap junctions) and
DE occluding junctions (e.g. tight junctions).
GO GO:0030054; cell junction
HI Cellular component: Cell junction.
WW http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.section.3469
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Cell projection.
AC KW-0966
DE Protein found in or associated with a cell protrusion such as
DE pseudopodium, filopodium, lamellipodium, growth cone, flagellum,
DE acrosome or axon, or other cell projections such as pili or bacterial
DE comet tail. These membrane-cytoskeleton-coupled processes are involved
DE in many biological functions, such as cell motility, cancer-cell
DE invasion, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis, pathogen infection,
DE neurite extension and cytokinesis.
SY Cell protrusion.
GO GO:0042995; cell projection
HI Cellular component: Cell projection.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Cell shape.
AC KW-0133
DE Protein involved in the formation and maintenance of the cell shape,
DE the physical dimensions of a cell. In most plants, algae, bacteria and
DE fungi the cell wall is responsible for the shape of the cells.
GO GO:0008360; regulation of cell shape
HI Biological process: Cell shape.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Cell wall.
AC KW-0134
DE Protein found in or associated with a complex and rigid layer
DE surrounding the cell. Cell walls are found in bacteria, archaea,
DE fungi, plants, and algae. The cell wall is surrounded by the outer
DE membrane in gram-negative bacteria, and envelopes the inner or plasma
DE membrane in gram-negative, gram-positive and acid-fast bacteria. Cell
DE walls of bacteria contain peptidoglycan whereas those of archaea do
DE not. Some archaea may contain pseudopeptidoglycan, which is composed
DE of N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid, instead of N-acetyl muramic acid in
DE peptidoglycan. The plant cell wall is made of fibrils of cellulose
DE embedded in a matrix of several other kinds of polymers such as pectin
DE and lignin. Algal cell walls are usually composed of cellulose,
DE glycoproteins, sporopollenin, calcium and various polysaccharides such
DE as manosyl, xylanes, alginic acid. Diatom cell walls (or frustules)
DE contain silica. The cell wall plays a role in cell shape, cell
DE stability and development, and protection against environmental
DE dangers.
GO GO:0005618; cell wall
HI Cellular component: Secreted; Cell wall.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Cell wall biogenesis/degradation.
AC KW-0961
DE Protein which is involved in the formation, organization, maintenance
DE or degradation of the cell wall. The cell wall is an extracellular
DE layer outside the cell membrane which protects the cell against
DE mechanical damage, osmotic strength and which determines the cell
DE shape. It is prominent in most plants, algae, bacteria and fungi.
GO GO:0007047; cell wall organization and biogenesis
HI Biological process: Cell wall biogenesis/degradation.
CA Biological process.
//
IC Cellular component.
AC KW-9998
DE Keywords assigned to proteins because they are found in a specific
DE cellular or extracellular component.
//
ID Cellulose biosynthesis.
AC KW-0135
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of cellulose, a linear polymer of
DE (1-4)-beta-linked D-glucose subunits. It is the most abundant cell-
DE wall and structural polysaccharide in plants and it is also found in
DE some lower invertebrates. Cellulose is the major component of wood and
DE thus of paper. Cotton is the purest natural form of cellulose. As a
DE raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in
DE chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing and
DE pharmaceutical preparations.
SY Cellulose anabolism; Cellulose biosynthetic process;
SY Cellulose formation; Cellulose synthesis.
GO GO:0030244; cellulose biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Cellulose biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Cellulose degradation.
AC KW-0136
DE Protein involved in the conversion of cellulose into D-glucose.
DE Cellulose is the most abundant cell-wall and structural polysaccharide
DE in plants and it is also found in some lower invertebrates. Cellulose
DE is the major component of wood and thus of paper. Cotton is the purest
DE natural form of cellulose. As a raw material, it forms the basis for
DE many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials,
DE explosives manufacturing and pharmaceutical preparations.
SY Cellulose breakdown; Cellulose catabolic process;
SY Cellulose catabolism.
GO GO:0030245; cellulose catabolic process
HI Biological process: Carbohydrate metabolism; Polysaccharide degradation; Cellulose degradation.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Centromere.
AC KW-0137
DE Protein which binds centromeres or which is required for the assembly
DE and movement of centromeres. Centromeres are the regions of replicated
DE eukaryotic chromosomes where the two chromatids are joined together.
SY Chromosome pericentric region.
GO GO:0000775; chromosome, pericentric region
HI Cellular component: Centromere.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID CF(0).
AC KW-0138
DE Protein component of the F-type ATP synthase complex CF(0) or protein
DE involved in its assembly. F-type ATPases consist of the two complex
DE components CF(0), the membrane proton channel, and CF(1), the
DE catalytic core.
SY ATPase membrane proton channel;
SY Proton-transporting ATP synthase complex coupling factor F(0).
GO GO:0045263; proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o)
HI Cellular component: CF(0).
HI Biological process: Transport; Ion transport; Hydrogen ion transport; CF(0).
CA Cellular component.
//
ID CF(1).
AC KW-0139
DE Protein component of the F-type ATP synthase complex CF(1) or protein
DE involved in its assembly. F-type ATPases consist of the two complex
DE components CF(0), the membrane proton channel, and CF(1), the
DE catalytic core.
SY ATPase catalytic core;
SY Proton-transporting ATP synthase complex catalytic core F(1).
GO GO:0045261; proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1)
HI Cellular component: CF(1).
HI Biological process: ATP synthesis; CF(1).
CA Cellular component.
//
ID cGMP.
AC KW-0140
DE Protein whose function is cGMP-dependent or which catalyzes its
DE hydrolysis. cGMP is the abbreviation for cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-
DE cyclic monophosphate. It acts as a second messenger.
SY 3',5'-cyclic GMP; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic guanylic acid;
SY Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate; Guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.
HI Ligand: cGMP.
CA Ligand.
//
ID cGMP biosynthesis.
AC KW-0141
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of cGMP. cGMP is the abbreviation
DE for cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate.
SY 3',5'-cyclic GMP anabolism; 3',5'-cyclic GMP biosynthesis;
SY 3',5'-cyclic GMP biosynthetic process; 3',5'-cyclic GMP formation;
SY 3',5'-cyclic GMP synthesis; cGMP anabolism; cGMP biosynthetic process;
SY cGMP formation; cGMP synthesis; Cyclic GMP anabolism;
SY Cyclic GMP biosynthesis; Cyclic GMP biosynthetic process;
SY Cyclic GMP formation; Cyclic GMP synthesis;
SY Cyclic guanylic acid anabolism; Cyclic guanylic acid biosynthesis;
SY Cyclic guanylic acid biosynthetic process;
SY Cyclic guanylic acid formation; Cyclic guanylic acid synthesis;
SY Guanosine 3',5'-phosphate anabolism;
SY Guanosine 3',5'-phosphate biosynthesis;
SY Guanosine 3',5'-phosphate biosynthetic process;
SY Guanosine 3',5'-phosphate formation;
SY Guanosine 3',5'-phosphate synthesis;
SY Guanosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate anabolism;
SY Guanosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate biosynthesis;
SY Guanosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate biosynthetic process;
SY Guanosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate formation;
SY Guanosine-3',5'-cyclic-monophosphate synthesis.
GO GO:0006182; cGMP biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: cGMP biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID cGMP-binding.
AC KW-0142
DE Protein which binds at least one cGMP. cGMP is the abbreviation for
DE cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate.
SY 3',5'-cyclic GMP-binding; Cyclic GMP-binding;
SY Cyclic guanylic acid-binding;
SY Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-binding;
SY Guanosine 3',5'-phosphate-binding.
GO GO:0030553; cGMP binding
HI Ligand: Nucleotide-binding; cGMP-binding.
HI Ligand: cGMP; cGMP-binding.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Chaperone.
AC KW-0143
DE Protein which is transiently involved in the noncovalent folding,
DE assembly and/or disassembly of other polypeptides or RNA molecules,
DE including any transport and oligomerisation processes they may
DE undergo, and the refolding and reassembly of protein and RNA molecules
DE denatured by stress. Though involved in these processes, chaperones
DE are not an integral part of these functioning molecules. Also used for
DE metallochaperones, which function to provide a metal directly to
DE target proteins while protecting this metal from scavengers.
GO GO:0006457; protein folding
HI Molecular function: Chaperone.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
AC KW-0144
DE Protein which, if defective, causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT),
DE a heterogeneous group of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies
DE (HMSN) characterized by distal muscular atrophy and weakness, hollow
DE feet, absent or diminished deep-tendon reflexes and impaired
DE sensation. CMT is classified into two major classes. CMT type 1
DE includes demyelinating neuropathies that are characterized by nerve
DE conductance velocities (NCVs) less than 38m/s and segmental
DE demyelination and remyelination; CMT type 2 includes axonal
DE neuropathies that are characterized by normal or mildly reduced NCVs
DE and chronic axonal degeneration and regeneration.
HI Disease: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
CA Disease.
//
ID Chemotaxis.
AC KW-0145
DE Protein involved in the movement of a cell, or organism, along a
DE concentration gradient of a chemotactic agent, such as a protein which
DE causes, mediates or responds to chemotaxis. Chemotactic molecules such
DE as sugars, peptides, cell metabolites, cell-wall or membrane lipids
DE bind to cell surface receptors and trigger activation of intracellular
DE signaling pathways, as well as remodeling of the cytoskeleton through
DE the activation or inhibition of various actin-binding proteins.
GO GO:0006935; chemotaxis
HI Biological process: Chemotaxis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Chitin degradation.
AC KW-0146
DE Protein involved in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide
DE consisting of (1->4)-beta-linked D-glucosamine residues, most of which
DE are N-acetylated.
SY Chitin breakdown; Chitin catabolic process; Chitin catabolism.
GO GO:0006032; chitin catabolic process
HI Biological process: Carbohydrate metabolism; Polysaccharide degradation; Chitin degradation.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Chitin-binding.
AC KW-0147
DE Protein which binds chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of
DE (1->4)-beta-linked D-glucosamine residues, most of which are N-
DE acetylated. The 30-43 amino acids long chitin-binding domain contains
DE several conserved glycine and cysteines residues. The conserved
DE cysteines form disulfide bonds. Chitin-binding domains have been found
DE in plant, fungal and bacterial proteins.
GO GO:0008061; chitin binding
HI Ligand: Chitin-binding.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Chloride.
AC KW-0868
DE Protein which binds at least one chloride, or protein whose function
DE is chloride-dependent. Chloride is a negatively-charged ion, which is
DE abbreviated Cl(-).
SY Chloride ion; Chloride anion; Cl-.
GO GO:0031404; chloride ion binding
HI Ligand: Chloride.
WW http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cl/
CA Ligand.
//
ID Chloride channel.
AC KW-0869
DE Protein which is part of an anion channel found in the plasma lemma
DE and in intracellular membranes. These channels are permeable for
DE various anions, such as iodide, bromide, but also for nitrates,
DE phosphates and even negatively charged amino acids. They are called
DE chloride channels, because chloride is the most abundant anion and the
DE predominant permeating species in all organisms. They have been
DE classified according to their gating mechanisms, which may depend on
DE changes in the transmembrane electric field (voltage-dependent/gated
DE chloride channels, e.g. ClC family), on a protein kinase/nucleotide
DE mediated mechanism (CFTR), an increase in intracellular calcium
DE (calcium activated chloride channels, e.g. CaCC), cell swelling
DE (volume-regulated anion channels, e.g. VRAC) or binding of a ligand,
DE e.g. glycine or - aminobutyric acid (GABA) activated channels. In
DE contrast with cation channels, they are not involved in the initiation
DE or spread of excitation, but in the regulation of excitability in
DE nerve and muscle. They also participate in many housekeeping
DE processes, such as volume regulation, pH regulation in organelles,
DE electrogenesis and control of synaptic activity. The chloride channels
DE are crucial for transepithelial transport and the control of water
DE flow, and often provide unexpected permeation pathways for a large
DE variety of anions.
SY Chloride ion channel; Chloride anion channel; Cl- channel.
GO GO:0005254; chloride channel activity
HI Molecular function: Ionic channel; Chloride channel.
HI Biological process: Transport; Ion transport; Chloride channel.
HI Ligand: Chloride; Chloride channel.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Chloride channel inhibitor.
AC KW-0870
DE Protein which interferes with the function of chloride channels which
DE are membrane proteins forming a channel in a biological membrane
DE selectively permeable to chloride ions.
SY Chloride ion channel inhibitor; Chloride anion channel inhibitor;
SY Cl- channel inhibitor.
GO GO:0019869; chloride channel inhibitor activity
HI Molecular function: Toxin; Ionic channel inhibitor; Chloride channel inhibitor.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Chlorophyll.
AC KW-0148
DE Protein which interacts with chlorophyll, the major light-absorbing
DE pigment in most oygenic green organisms. Higher plants contain
DE chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b which are magnesium-porphyrin
DE complexes esterified to a long hydrophobic terpenoid side chain (the
DE alcohol phytol).
HI Ligand: Chromophore; Chlorophyll.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Chlorophyll biosynthesis.
AC KW-0149
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of chlorophylls. These
DE photosynthetic pigments are magnesium-porphyrin complexes with a long
DE hydrophobic terpenoid side chain (the alcohol phytol). Angiosperms
DE have only a light-dependent pathway for chlorophyll biosynthesis,
DE other oxygenic organisms seem to have both the light-dependent and the
DE light-independent pathways.
SY Chlorophyll anabolism; Chlorophyll biosynthetic process;
SY Chlorophyll formation; Chlorophyll synthesis.
GO GO:0015995; chlorophyll biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Chlorophyll biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Chlorophyll catabolism.
AC KW-0881
DE Protein involved in the degradation of chlorophylls. These
DE photosynthetic pigments are magnesium-porphyrin complexes with a long
DE hydrophobic terpenoid side chain (the alcohol phytol).
SY Chlorophyll breakdown; Chlorophyll catabolic process;
SY Chlorophyll degradation.
GO GO:0015996; chlorophyll catabolic process
HI Biological process: Chlorophyll catabolism.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Chloroplast.
AC KW-0150
DE Protein encoded by or localized in the chloroplast, the most common
DE form of plastid, found in all photosynthetic organisms except
DE glaucophyte algae. In green (photosynthesizing) tissue they house the
DE machinery necessary for photosynthesis and CO(2) fixation. They are
DE surrounded by between 2 and 4 membranes and contain thylakoids in
DE green tissue.
GO GO:0009507; chloroplast
HI Cellular component: Plastid; Chloroplast.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Chlorosome.
AC KW-0151
DE Photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes found in green bacteria.
DE Chlorosomes are sac-like organelles appressed to the cytoplasmic
DE membrane of the cell membrane.
GO GO:0046858; chlorosome
HI Cellular component: Chlorosome.
HI Biological process: Photosynthesis; Chlorosome.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Cholesterol biosynthesis.
AC KW-0152
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, the major sterol of
DE higher animals. It is a component of cell membranes, especially of the
DE plasma membrane.
SY Cholesterol anabolism; Cholesterol biosynthetic process;
SY Cholesterol formation; Cholesterol synthesis.
GO GO:0006695; cholesterol biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Lipid synthesis; Steroid biosynthesis; Sterol biosynthesis; Cholesterol biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Cholesterol metabolism.
AC KW-0153
DE Protein which participates in the biochemical reactions where
DE cholesterol is involved, including transport. Cholesterol is the major
DE sterol of higher animals and an important component of cell membranes,
DE especially of the plasma membrane.
SY Cholesterol metabolic process.
GO GO:0008203; cholesterol metabolic process
HI Biological process: Lipid metabolism; Steroid metabolism; Cholesterol metabolism.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Chondrogenesis.
AC KW-0891
DE Protein involved in chondrogenesis, the mechanism of cartilage
DE formation. Chondrogenesis proceeds through determination of cells and
DE their aggregation into prechondrogenic condensations, differentiation
DE into chondrocytes, and later maturation. The formation of the long
DE bones requires a cartilage template.
SY Cartilage biogenesis; Cartilage biosynthesis; Cartilage development;
SY Cartilage formation.
GO GO:0051216; cartilage development
HI Biological process: Differentiation; Chondrogenesis.
HI Molecular function: Developmental protein; Chondrogenesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Chromate resistance.
AC KW-0155
DE Protein that enables bacteria and other microorganisms to withstand
DE chromate, a salt of chromic acid (H2CrO4).
SY Resistance to chromate.
GO GO:0046687; response to chromate
HI Biological process: Chromate resistance.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Chromatin regulator.
AC KW-0156
DE Protein controlling the opening or closing of chromatin.
GO GO:0016568; chromatin modification
HI Molecular function: Chromatin regulator.
CA Molecular function.
//
ID Chromophore.
AC KW-0157
DE Protein which interacts with one or more chromophores. A chromophore
DE absorbs and transmits light energy. Originally it was used for visibly
DE colored molecules, but it applies also to UV- and IR-absorbing
DE molecules.
GO GO:0018298; protein-chromophore linkage
HI Ligand: Chromophore.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Chromoplast.
AC KW-0957
DE Protein found in or associated with a chromoplast, a plastid
DE containing pigments other than chlorophyll. Found in flower, petals and
DE fruit.
GO GO:0009509; chromoplast
HI Cellular component: Plastid; Chromoplast.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Chromosomal protein.
AC KW-0158
DE Protein which is associated with chromosomal DNA, including histones,
DE protamines and high mobility group proteins.
SY Chromosome.
GO GO:0005694; chromosome
HI Cellular component: Chromosomal protein.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Chromosome partition.
AC KW-0159
DE Protein involved in chromosome partition, the process by which newly
DE replicated plasmids and chromosomes are actively segregated prior to
DE cell division. E.g., par and soj which contribute to efficient
DE chromosome partitioning by serving functions analogous to centromeres
DE (i.e. pairing or positioning of sister chromosomes).
SY Chromosome segregation.
GO GO:0007059; chromosome segregation
HI Biological process: Chromosome partition.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Chromosomal rearrangement.
AC KW-0160
DE Protein which can be altered by a structural chromosomal
DE rearrangement. Structural rearrangements result from chromosome
DE breakage, followed by reconstitution in an abnormal combination.
DE Classes of chromosomal rearrangements include: deletions, duplications,
DE insertions, inversions, translocations and transpositions.
HI Coding sequence diversity: Chromosomal rearrangement.
CA Coding sequence diversity.
//
ID Chronic granulomatous disease.
AC KW-0161
DE Protein which, if defective, causes chronic granulomatous disease
DE (CGD), a disease characterized by the failure of activated phagocytes
DE to generate superoxide.
SY CGD.
HI Disease: Chronic granulomatous disease.
CA Disease.
//
ID Chylomicron.
AC KW-0162
DE Protein component of the chylomicrons or involved in their catabolism.
DE Chylomicrons are the largest lipoprotein complexes with the lowest
DE protein-to-lipid ratio. They are present in the blood or lymph and
DE transport exogenous (dietary) cholesterol, triacylglycerols and other
DE lipids from the intestine to the liver or to the adipose tissue.
GO GO:0042627; chylomicron
HI Cellular component: Chylomicron.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Cilium.
AC KW-0969
DE Protein found in or associated with a cilium, a cell surface
DE projection found at the surface of a large proportion of eukaryotic
DE cells. The two basic types of cilia, motile (alternatively named
DE flagella) and non-motile, collectively perform a wide variety of
DE functions broadly encompassing cell/fluid movement and sensory
DE perception. Their most prominent structural component is the axoneme
DE which consists of nine doublet microtubules, with all motile cilia -
DE except those at the embryonic node - containing an additional central
DE pair of microtubules. The axonemal microtubules of all cilia nucleate
DE and extend from a basal body, a centriolar structure most often
DE composed of a radial array of nine triplet microtubules. In most
DE cells, basal bodies associate with cell membranes and cilia are
DE assembled as 'extracellular' membrane-enclosed compartments.
SY Cilia.
GO GO:0005929; cilium
HI Cellular component: Cell projection; Cilium.
WW http://www.ciliome.com
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Cilium biogenesis/degradation.
AC KW-0970
DE Protein which is involved in the formation, organization, maintenance
DE and degradation of the cilium, a cell surface projection found at the
DE surface of a large proportion of eukaryotic. Their most prominent
DE structural component is the axoneme which consists of nine doublet
DE microtubules, with all motile cilia - except those at the embryonic
DE node - containing an additional central pair of microtubules.
GO GO:0030030; cell projection organization and biogenesis
HI Biological process: Cilium biogenesis/degradation.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Citrate utilization.
AC KW-0163
DE Protein which allows the utilization of the 6-carbon tricarboxylic acid
DE citrate as a sole source of carbon and energy.
GO GO:0005371; tricarboxylate secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
HI Biological process: Citrate utilization.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Citrullination.
AC KW-0164
DE Protein which is posttranslationally modified by the deimination of
DE one or more arginine residues.
SY 2-amino-5-(carbamoylamino)pentanoic acid; Citrulline;
SY N5-carbamoylornithine.
HI PTM: Citrullination.
CA PTM.
//
ID Cleavage on pair of basic residues.
AC KW-0165
DE Protein which is posttranslationally modified by the cleavage on at
DE least one pair of basic residues, in order to release one or more
DE mature active peptides (such as hormones).
HI PTM: Cleavage on pair of basic residues.
CA PTM.
//
ID Coated pit.
AC KW-0168
DE Protein which is a component of a coated pit. Coated pits are regions
DE of the donor membrane where the assembly of the vesicle coat take
DE place. The coat assembles from soluble protomers such as coat protein
DE complex-I and coat protein complex-II. The components of the coat
DE often define the intracellular sorting station, and contribute to both
DE membrane deformation and local movement of the resulting transport
DE intermediate following scission. During the first steps of the
DE vesicle-mediated membrane transport, coated pits are internalized to
DE form coated vesicles which transport proteins between distinct
DE membrane-bound organelles.
GO GO:0005905; coated pit
HI Cellular component: Membrane; Coated pit.
CA Cellular component.
//
ID Cobalamin.
AC KW-0846
DE Protein which contains at least one cobalamin as cofactor, e.g.
DE methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, or which binds and/or transports cobalamin,
DE such as intrinsic factor or transcobalamins. Cobalamin, which is
DE synthesized by microorganisms, has equatorial sites occupied by a
DE tetrapyrrol ring structure (corrin ring) with a cobalt(III) ion in the
DE center, one axial site occupied by an intramolecularly-bound
DE dimethylbenzimidazole and the other axial site occupied by a number of
DE different ligands such as water (aquacobalamin), cyanide
DE (cyanocobalamin=vitamin B12), glutathione (glutathionylcobalamin),
DE 5'deoxyadenosine (adenosylcobalamin=coenzyme B12) or a methyl group
DE (methylcobalamin). It is a prosthetic group of certain mammalian
DE enzymes, where it is essential for the normal maturation and development of
DE erythrocytes. A deficiency in the diet or more frequently the failure to
DE absorb the vitamin give rise to pernicious anemia.
SY Vitamin B12.
GO GO:0031419; cobalamin binding
HI Ligand: Cobalt; Cobalamin.
CA Ligand.
//
ID Cobalamin biosynthesis.
AC KW-0169
DE Protein involved in the synthesis of cobalamin. Cobalamin, which is
DE synthesized by microorganisms, has equatorial sites occupied by a
DE modified porphyrin ring system, with two of the four pyrrol rings
DE fused directly (without an intervening methine bridge). The modified
DE porphyrin system binds a cobalt(III) ion in the center, and this is
DE called a corrin ring system. One axial site is occupied usually by an
DE intramolecularly-bound dimethylbenzimidazole nucleotide and the other
DE axial site is occupied by a number of different ligands such as water
DE (aquacobalamin), cyanide (cyanocobalamine=vitamin B12), glutathione
DE (glutathionylcobalamine), 5'deoxyadenosine
DE (adenosylcobalamine=coenzyme B12) or a methyl group (methylcobalamin).
DE Vitamin B12, for instance, is a prosthetic group of certain mammalian
DE enzymes, where it is essential for the normal maturation and
DE development of erythrocytes. A deficiency in the diet or more
DE frequently the failure to absorb the vitamin B12 give rise to
DE pernicious anemia.
SY Cobalamin anabolism; Cobalamin biosynthetic process;
SY Cobalamin formation; Cobalamin synthesis; Vitamin B12 anabolism;
SY Vitamin B12 biosynthesis; Vitamin B12 biosynthetic process;
SY Vitamin B12 formation; Vitamin B12 synthesis.
GO GO:0009236; cobalamin biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Cobalamin biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Cobalt.
AC KW-0170
DE Protein which binds at least one cobalt atom, or protein whose
DE function is cobalt-dependent. Cobalt is a metallic element, chemical
DE symbol Co.
SY Co; Cobalt ion; Co ion; Cobalt cation; Co cation.
GO GO:0050897; cobalt ion binding
HI Ligand: Cobalt.
WW http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Co/
CA Ligand.
//
ID Cobalt transport.
AC KW-0171
DE Protein involved in the transport of the trace element cobalt, which
DE is a component of vitamin B12.
SY Co cation transport; Co ion transport; Co transport;
SY Cobalt cation transport; Cobalt ion transport.
GO GO:0015087; cobalt ion transmembrane transporter activity
GO GO:0006824; cobalt ion transport
HI Biological process: Transport; Ion transport; Cobalt transport.
HI Ligand: Cobalt; Cobalt transport.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Cockayne syndrome.
AC KW-0172
DE Protein which, if defective, causes Cockayne's syndrome (CS), an
DE autosomal recessive disease characterized by UV-sensitive skin
DE (without pigmentation abnormalities), neurological dysfunction due to
DE demyelination of neurons and calcification of basal ganglia
DE (psychomotor retardation, deafness, optic atrophy, retinal
DE pigmentation and hyperreflexes) and dysmorphic dwarfism (immature
DE sexual development and microcephaly).
SY Cockayne's syndrome; CS.
HI Disease: Cockayne syndrome.
CA Disease.
//
IC Coding sequence diversity.
AC KW-9997
DE Keywords assigned to proteins because their sequences can differ, due
DE to differences in the coding sequences such as polymorphisms, RNA-
DE editing, alternative splicing.
//
ID Coenzyme A biosynthesis.
AC KW-0173
DE Protein involved in the biosynthetic pathway leading from pantothenate
DE to coenzyme A (CoA). CoA has two halves in phosphodiester linkage: a
DE 3',5'-ADP residue, and 4-phosphopantetheine. The phosphopantetheine
DE moiety is itself composed of three structural entities: a branched
DE chain dihydroxy acid in amide linkage to a beta-alanyl residue, which
DE is in turn linked to a cysteamide containing the reactive thiol.
DE Coenzyme A functions as a carrier of acetyl and acyl groups and is
DE essential for numerous biosynthetic, energy-yielding, and degradative
DE metabolic pathways. Acetyl-CoA is the common cellular currency for
DE acetyl transfers.
SY Coenzyme A anabolism; Coenzyme A biosynthetic process;
SY Coenzyme A formation; Coenzyme A synthesis;
SY CoA biosynthesis; CoA anabolism; CoA biosynthetic process;
SY CoA formation; CoA synthesis; CoASH biosynthesis; CoASH anabolism;
SY CoASH biosynthetic process; CoASH formation; CoASH synthesis.
GO GO:0015937; coenzyme A biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Coenzyme A biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Coenzyme M biosynthesis.
AC KW-0174
DE Protein involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme M. Coenzyme M (2-
DE mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) is the smallest known organic cofactor.
DE CoM serves as a methyl group carrier in key reactions within the
DE pathway of methane formation from C1 precursors. In the alkene
DE metabolism pathway, it is involved in aliphatic epoxyde carboxylation.
SY Coenzyme M anabolism; Coenzyme M biosynthetic process;
SY Coenzyme M formation; Coenzyme M synthesis; CoM biosynthesis;
SY CoM anabolism; CoM biosynthetic process; CoM formation; CoM synthesis;
SY 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid biosynthesis;
SY 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid anabolism;
SY 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid biosynthetic process;
SY 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid formation;
SY 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid synthesis.
GO GO:0019295; coenzyme M biosynthetic process
HI Biological process: Coenzyme M biosynthesis.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Coiled coil.
AC KW-0175
DE Protein which contains at least one coiled coil domain, a type of
DE secondary structure composed of two or more alpha helices which
DE entwine to form a cable structure. In proteins, the helical cables
DE serve a mechanical role in forming stiff bundles of fibres.
SY Heptad repeat pattern.
HI Domain: Coiled coil.
CA Domain.
//
ID Collagen.
AC KW-0176
DE Protein which contains one or more collagen-like domain. Collagen is a
DE fibrous protein found in vertebrates, the major element of skin, bone,
DE tendon, cartilage, blood vessels and teeth. It forms insoluble fibres
DE of high tensile strength and which contains the unusual amino acids
DE hyroxyproline and hydroxylysine. It is rich in glycine but lacks
DE cysteine and tryptophan, and has an unusually regular amino-acid
DE domain.
HI Domain: Collagen.
CA Domain.
//
ID Collagen degradation.
AC KW-0177
DE Protein involved in the degradation of collagen, a family of fibrous
DE proteins found in skin, bones, teeth, cartilage and other tissues of
DE vertebrates.
SY Collagen breakdown; Collagen catabolic process; Collagen catabolism.
GO GO:0030574; collagen catabolic process
HI Biological process: Collagen degradation.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Competence.
AC KW-0178
DE Protein involved in competence, the state in which a cell or organism
DE is able to take up DNA and become genetically transformed.
GO GO:0030420; establishment of competence for transformation
HI Biological process: Competence.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Complement alternate pathway.
AC KW-0179
DE Protein involved in the complement alternate pathway which activates
DE the proteins of the complement system. This pathway can be activated
DE by IgA immune complexes, but also by bacterial endotoxins,
DE polysaccharides and cell walls, without participation of an antigen-
DE antibody reaction.
SY Alternate complement pathway; Properdin system;
SY Complement activation alternative pathway.
GO GO:0006957; complement activation, alternative pathway
HI Biological process: Immune response; Innate immunity; Complement alternate pathway.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Complement pathway.
AC KW-0180
DE Pathway which activates the proteins of the complement system, a group
DE of blood proteins of the globulin class involved in the lysis of
DE foreign cells after they have been coated with antibody, and which
DE also promote the removal of antibody-coated foreign particles by
DE phagocytic cells. The pathway proceeds by a cascade reaction of
DE successive binding and proteolytic cleavage of complement components.
DE This pathway can be activated by either IgG or IgM binding to an
DE antigen.
SY Classical complement pathway; Complement activation classical pathway.
GO GO:0006958; complement activation, classical pathway
HI Biological process: Immune response; Innate immunity; Complement pathway.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Complete proteome.
AC KW-0181
DE Protein which is thought to be expressed by an organism whose genome
DE has been completely sequenced. A complete set of proteins from a
DE specified genome can therefore be obtained using this keyword across
DE the Swiss-Prot and TrEMBL sections of the UniProt Knowledgebase.
HI Technical term: Complete proteome.
CA Technical term.
//
ID Cone-rod dystrophy.
AC KW-0182
DE Protein which, if defective, causes cone-rod dystrophy, a disease
DE where dystrophy of cone-rod cells is characterized by the initial
DE degeneration of cone photoreceptor cells, thus causing early loss of
DE visual acuity and color vision, followed by the degeneration of rod
DE photoreceptor cells and leading to progressive night blindness and
DE peripheral visual field loss.
GO GO:0007601; visual perception
HI Disease: Cone-rod dystrophy.
HI Biological process: Sensory transduction; Vision; Cone-rod dystrophy.
CA Disease.
//
ID Conidiation.
AC KW-0183
DE Protein involved in conidiation, the production of conidia which are
DE asexual fungal spores.
SY Conidium formation; Conidium biosynthesis; Conidia biosynthesis;
SY Conidia formation.
GO GO:0048315; conidium formation
HI Biological process: Sporulation; Conidiation.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
AC KW-0954
DE Protein which, if defective, causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a
DE group of inherited disorders of cortisol biosynthesis. Defective
DE cortisol biosynthesis results in compensatory hypersecretion of
DE corticotropin with subsequent adrenal hyperplasia and excessive
DE androgen production. Various clinical types are recognized: "salt
DE wasting form" is the most severe type, "simple virilizing form" with
DE normal aldosterone biosynthesis, "non-classic form" or late onset, and
DE "cryptic form" or asymptomatic.
SY CAH.
HI Disease: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
CA Disease.
//
ID Congenital disorder of glycosylation.
AC KW-0900
DE Protein which, if defective, causes a congenital disorder of
DE glycosilation. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotes, N-
DE linked glycans are first assembled on the lipid carrier dolichyl
DE pyrophosphate. The GlcNAc(2)Man(9)Glc(3) oligosaccharide is
DE transferred to selected asparagine residues of nascent polypeptides.
DE Defects along the biosynthetic pathway of N-glycans are associated
DE with severe multisystemic syndromes called congenital disorders of
DE glycosylation (CDG). The characteristic biochemical feature of CDG is
DE defective glycosylation of glycoproteins due to mutations in genes
DE required for the biosynthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides. Defects of
DE the assembly of dolichyl-linked oligosaccharides or their transfer on
DE to nascent glycoproteins form type I forms of CDG, whereas CDG type II
DE comprises all defects of the trimming and elongation of N-linked
DE oligosaccharides.
HI Disease: Congenital disorder of glycosylation.
CA Disease.
//
ID Congenital erythrocytosis.
AC KW-0985
DE Protein which, if defective, causes congenital absolute
DE erythrocytosis, a disorder characterized by expansion of the
DE erythrocyte compartment in the peripheral blood. Total red cell mass
DE is increased in the absence of a reduction of plasma volume.
DE Erythrocytoses are usually divided into primary and secondary forms.
DE Primary erythrocytoses are due to defects in the erythroid progenitors
DE and are characterized by low erythropoietin levels. Secondary
DE erythrocytoses can be due to defects in hypoxia sensing, or to
DE conditions that cause low tissue oxygen tension with consequent
DE increase in erythropoietin secretion.
SY Congenital polycythemia.
HI Disease: Congenital erythrocytosis.
CA Disease.
//
ID Congenital hypothyroidism.
AC KW-0984
DE Protein which, if defective, causes congenital hypothyroidism, a
DE condition due to thyroid hormones deficiency, presenting at birth.
DE Congenital hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland fails to
DE develop or function properly. In most cases, the thyroid gland is
DE absent, abnormally located, or severely reduced in size. In the
DE remaining cases, a normal-sized or enlarged thyroid gland is present,
DE but production of thyroid hormones is decreased or absent. If
DE untreated, congenital hypothyroidism can lead to mental retardation
DE and growth failure.
HI Disease: Congenital hypothyroidism.
CA Disease.
//
ID Congenital muscular dystrophy.
AC KW-0912
DE The congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) are a heterogeneous group
DE of autosomal recessive disorders presenting in infancy with muscle
DE weakness, contractures, and dystrophic changes on skeletal muscle
DE biopsy. Structural brain defects, with or without mental retardation,
DE are additional features of several CMD syndromes.
HI Disease: Congenital muscular dystrophy.
CA Disease.
//
ID Conjugation.
AC KW-0184
DE Protein involved in the temporary fusion of two gametes or two cells
DE leading to the transfer of genetic material. This process is seen in
DE bacteria, ciliate protozoa and certain fungi.
GO GO:0000746; conjugation
HI Biological process: Conjugation.
CA Biological process.
//
ID Copper.
AC KW-0186
DE Protein which binds at least one copper atom, or protein whose
DE function is copper-dependent. Copper is a trace metallic element,
DE chemical symbol Cu.
SY Copper ion; Copper cation; Cu; Cu ion; Cu cation.
GO GO:0005507; copper ion binding
HI Ligand: Copper.
WW http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cu/
CA Ligand.
//
ID Copper transport.
AC KW-0187
DE Protein involved in the transport of ions of the trace element copper.
SY Cu transport; Copper ion transport; Copper cation transport.
GO GO:0005375; copper ion transmembrane transporter activity
GO GO:0006825; copper ion transport
HI Biological pr
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